You are referring to the EXIF data. The fields included in this data varies between camera models, so there is no set 'list'. Some software programmes also strip some or all of the EXIF data from images.
Here is the typical (but not complete) EXIF data from my camera for example;
Camera Nikon D300
Exposure 0.005 sec (1/200)
Aperture f/8.0
Focal Length 48 mm
ISO Speed 200
Exposure Bias 0 EV
Flash No Flash
Orientation Horizontal (normal)
X-Resolution 240 dpi
Y-Resolution 240 dpi
Software Adobe Photoshop CS5 Windows
Date and Time (Modified) 2011:04:23 12:59:08
Exposure Program Manual
Date and Time (Original) 2011:04:23 11:30:42
Date and Time (Digitized) 2011:04:23 11:30:42
Max Aperture Value 4.6
Subject Distance 0.5 m
Metering Mode Spot
Light Source Cloudy
Sub Sec Time 25
Sub Sec Time Original 25
Sub Sec Time Digitized 25
Color Space sRGB
Sensing Method One-chip color area
CFAPattern [Red,Green][Green,Blue]
Custom Rendered Normal
Exposure Mode Manual
White Balance Manual
Digital Zoom Ratio 1
Focal Length In35mm Format 72 mm
Scene Capture Type Portrait
Gain Control None
Contrast Normal
Saturation Normal
Sharpness Normal
Subject Distance Range Unknown
Compression JPEG (old-style)
Coded Character Set UTF8
Date Created 2011:04:23
Time Created 11:30:42
Global Angle 30
Global Altitude 30
Photoshop Quality 10
Photoshop Format Standard
Progressive Scans 3 Scans
XMPToolkit Adobe XMP Core 5.0-c060 61.134777, 2010/02/12-17:32:00
Creator Tool Ver.1.10
Rating 0
Metadata Date 2011:04:23 12:59:08+01:00
Format image/jpeg
Lens 18.0-200.0 mm f/3.5-5.6
Lens ID 139
Image Number 8984
Approximate Focus Distance 0.5
Sidecar For Extension NEF
Color Mode 3
ICCProfile Name sRGB IEC61966-2.1
Original Document ID xmp.did:10A9FE73906DE01190E4B6B6F2ED6CA8
History Action saved
History Instance ID xmp.iid:10A9FE73906DE01190E4B6B6F2ED6CA8
History When 2011:04:23 12:59:08+01:00
History Software Agent Adobe Photoshop CS5 Windows
History Changed /
History Parameters from image/tiff to image/jpeg
Derived From Original Document ID xmp.did:10A9FE73906DE01190E4B6B6F2ED6CA8
Viewing Conditions Illuminant Type D50
Measurement Observer CIE 1931
Measurement Flare 0.999%
Measurement Illuminant D65
Color Transform YCbCr