.PNG is one of many image file formats. It was created to replace the .GIF format which was found to be covered by patents at one time.
If you have used any image editing software with the pictures, it would give you a choice of what file format to save them in.
It may be that it defaults to .png if you save the file under a new name rather than just saving over the original file, or you just hit a wrong option without realising it.
If the teacher did not clearly specify a particular image format then the format you submitted them in should not matter & it should certainly not be a reason to drop you from the course.
Go back to the teacher and remind him you are taking photography not information technology - an error moving images between devices does not affect your ability to take photographs.
As you say you have the originals as evidence, if he still refuses to let you back on the course complain to the principal - he's not acting in a reasonable manner.
Note that it may be that the transferring (and editing?) messed up the metadata in the files.
The original .jpg files from the camera contain information on the camera used & it's settings etc., fdate & time and with smartphones and some newer cameras even the GPS coordinates they were taken at.
That is a way of verifying the authenticity and ownership of image files. Editing the images can remove that data, especially if the files are saved to a different format.
Anyone who will listen to your complaint can check the original images on the camera to verify you did take them - which the teacher could have done if he were bothered.
If the teacher did check the info in the files and found multiple different sources, he would believe he was justified in excluding you.